Oil sands Wikipedia. Oil sands, also known as tar sands or crude bitumen, or more technically bituminous sands, are a type of unconventional petroleum deposit. Oil sands are either loose sands or partially consolidated sandstone containing a naturally occurring mixture of sand, clay, and water, saturated with a dense and extremely viscous form of petroleum technically referred to as bitumen or colloquially as tar due to its superficially similar appearance. Natural bitumen deposits are reported in many countries, but in particular are found in extremely large quantities in Canada. Other large reserves are located in Kazakhstan, Russia, and Venezuela. The estimated worldwide deposits of oil are more than 2 trillion barrels 3. Proven reserves of bitumen contain approximately 1. Gbbl 3. 9. 6. 941. Gbbl 2. 8. 1. 11. Alberta, Canada. 3The crude bitumen contained in the Canadian oil sands is described by the National Energy Board of Canada as a highly viscous mixture of hydrocarbons heavier than pentanes which, in its natural state, is not usually recoverable at a commercial rate through a well because it is too thick to flow. Crude bitumen is a thick, sticky form of crude oil, so heavy and viscous thick that it will not flow unless heated or diluted with lighter hydrocarbons such as light crude oil or natural gas condensate. At room temperature, it is much like cold molasses. The World Energy Council WEC defines natural bitumen as oil having a viscosity greater than 1. API gravity of less than 1. The Professional Kitchen Manager Pdf File there. API. 9 The Orinoco Belt in Venezuela is sometimes described as oil sands, but these deposits are non bituminous, falling instead into the category of heavy or extra heavy oil due to their lower viscosity. Natural bitumen and extra heavy oil differ in the degree by which they have been degraded from the original conventional oils by bacteria. According to the WEC, extra heavy oil has a gravity of less than 1. API and a reservoir viscosity of no more than 1. Oil sands have only recentlywhen been considered to be part of the worlds oil reserves, as historically high oil prices and new technology enabled profitable extraction and processing. Together with other so called unconventional oil extraction practices, oil sands are implicated in the unburnable carbon debate but also contribute to energy security and counteract the international price cartel OPEC. According to a study ordered by the Government of Alberta, Canada, conducted by Jacobs Engineering Group, carbon emissions from oil sand crude are allegedly only 1. HistoryeditThe exploitation of bituminous deposits and seeps dates back to Paleolithic times. The earliest known use of bitumen was by Neanderthals, some 4. Bitumen has been found adhering to stone tools used by Neanderthals at sites in Syria. After the arrival of Homo sapiens, humans used bitumen for construction of buildings and waterproofing of reed boats, among other uses. In ancient Egypt, the use of bitumen was important in preparing Egyptian mummies. Solar Water and Pool Heating Manual. Design and Installation Repair and Maintenance. FSECIN24. January 2006. In ancient times, bitumen was primarily a Mesopotamian commodity used by the Sumerians and Babylonians, although it was also found in the Levant and Persia. The area along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers was littered with hundreds of pure bitumen seepages. The Mesopotamians used the bitumen for waterproofing boats and buildings. In Europe, they were extensively mined near the French city of Pechelbronn, where the vapour separation process was in use in 1. NomenclatureeditThe name tar sands was applied to bituminous sands in the late 1. People who saw the bituminous sands during this period were familiar with the large amounts of tar residue produced in urban areas as a by product of the manufacture of coal gas for urban heating and lighting. The word tar to describe these natural bitumen deposits is really a misnomer, since, chemically speaking, tar is a human made substance produced by the destructive distillation of organic material, usually coal. Since then, coal gas has almost completely been replaced by natural gas as a fuel, and coal tar as a material for paving roads has been replaced by the petroleum product asphalt. Naturally occurring bitumen is chemically more similar to asphalt than to coal tar, and the term oil sands or oilsands is more commonly used by industry in the producing areas than tar sands because synthetic oil is manufactured from the bitumen,1. Oil sands are now an alternative to conventional crude oil. Early explorerseditIn Canada, the First Nation peoples had used bitumen from seeps along the Athabasca and Clearwater Rivers to waterproof their birch barkcanoes from early prehistoric times. The Canadian oil sands first became known to Europeans in 1. A B Cp DB F G H QG r JOURNAL OF RESEARCH of the National Bureau of Standards Volume 82, No. SeptemberOctober 1977 Fundamentals of Building Heat Transfer. Search Sulzer Chemtech companys catalogues and technical brochures. Useful tips The processes described will work in the vast majority of cases. The following tips may, however, help to optimise the process or solve any problems that. The increasingly corroborated atmospheric mass pressure gravity explanation for variances in planetary temperatures which precludes a significant role for CO2. HEAT TRANSFER IN LAMINAR FLOW a The total heat transfer from liquid to environment may be expressed as a total Nusselt number fig. Oil sands, also known as tar sands or crude bitumen, or more technically bituminous sands, are a type of unconventional petroleum deposit. Oil sands are either loose. Solved Problems In Heat Transfer Pdf' title='1000 Solved Problems In Heat Transfer Pdf' />Cree native named Wa Pa Su brought a sample to Hudsons Bay Company fur trader Henry Kelsey, who commented on it in his journals. Fur trader Peter Pond paddled down the Clearwater River to Athabasca in 1. In 1. 78. 7, fur trader and explorer Alexander Mac. Kenzie on his way to the Arctic Ocean saw the Athabasca oil sands, and commented, At about 2. Athabasca and Clearwater Rivers are some bituminous fountains into which a pole of 2. PioneerseditThe commercial possibilities of Canadas vast oil sands were realized early by Canadian government researchers. In 1. 88. 4, Robert Bell of the Geological Survey of Canada commented, The banks of the Athabasca would furnish an inexhaustible supply of fuel. In 1. 91. 5, Sidney Ells of the Federal Mines Branch experimented with separation techniques and used the material to pave 6. Edmonton, as well as in other places. In 1. 92. 0, chemist Karl Clark of the Alberta Research Council began experimenting with methods to extract bitumen from the oil sands and, in 1. Commercial development began in 1. Robert Fitzsimmons began drilling oil wells at Bitumount, north of Fort Mc. Murray, but obtained disappointing results with conventional drilling. In 1. 92. 7 he formed the International Bitumen Company and in 1. Clarks design. He produced about 3. Edmonton. The bitumen from the mine had numerous uses, but most of it was used to waterproof roofs. Costs were too high and Fitzsimmons went bankrupt. In 1. 94. 1 the company was renamed Oil Sands Limited and attempted to iron out technical problems, but was never very successful. It went through several changes of ownership, and in 1. In 1. 97. 4 Bitumount became an Alberta Provincial Historic Site. In 1. 93. 0 businessman Max Ball formed Canadian Oil Sand Product, Ltd, which later became Abasand Oils. He built a separation plant capable of handling 2. The plant burned down in late 1. In 1. 94. 3 the Canadian government took control of the Abasand plant under the War Measures Act and planned to expand it further. However, in 1. 94. Canadian government abandoned the project because the need for fuel had diminished with the end of the war. The Abasand site is also an Alberta Historic Site. GeologyeditThe worlds largest oil sands are in Venezuela and Canada. The geology of the deposits in the two countries is generally rather similar. They are vast heavy oil, extra heavy oil, andor bitumen deposits with oil heavier than 2. API, found largely in unconsolidatedsandstones with similar properties. Unconsolidated in this context means that the sands have high porosity, no significant cohesion, and a tensile strength close to zero. The sands are saturated with oil which has prevented them from consolidating into hard sandstone. Size of resourceseditThe magnitude of the resources in the two countries is on the order of 3. OOIP. Oil in place is not necessarily oil reserves, and the amount that can be produced depends on technological evolution. Rapid technological developments in Canada in the 1. SAGD that can recover a much greater percentage of the OOIP than conventional methods. The Alberta government estimates that with current technology, 1. Venezuela estimates its recoverable oil at 2.