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There are ipod compatible versions as well. You will also find worksheet ebooks, audio books, and self grading quizzes to download. Chinese is an easy language to learn to speak. Using our free Mandarin lessons online, you can quickly learn Chinese through free mp. The ESL TOWER is all about the following USEFUL SITESSites Not Related to ESLStatiles. Adverbs Of Possibility Exercises Pdf' title='Adverbs Of Possibility Exercises Pdf' />China Tiles Supplier Here you can find the best selection of ceramic tiles, floor tiles, wall tiles, border tiles, mosaics, natural stones and artificial stones, marble tiles, as well as roof tiles at the best price. Feel free to browse all the product categories and contact usfor any information. Comma Wikipedia. Not to be confused with Coma. Comma Related. In other scripts. The comma, is a punctuation mark that appears in several variants in various languages. It has the same shape as an apostrophe, or single closing quotation mark in many typefaces, but it differs from them in being placed on the baseline of the text. Some typefaces render it as a small line, slightly curved or straight but inclined from the vertical, or with the appearance of a small, filled in numeral 9. The comma is used in many contexts and languages, mainly for separating parts of a sentence such as clauses, and items in lists, particularly when there are three or more items listed. The word comma comes from the Greek kmma, which originally meant a cut off piece specifically, in grammar, a short clause. A comma shaped mark is used as a diacritic in several writing systems, and is considered distinct from the cedilla. The rough and smooth breathings, appear above the letter in Ancient Greek, and the comma diacritic appears below the letter in Latvian, Romanian, and Livonian. Comma variantseditThe basic comma is defined in Unicode as U0. C,COMMA HTML  4. Character. Unicode point. Unicode name. Notes,U0. CCOMMAprose in European languages. Decimal separator in Continental Europe, and in Brazil and some other Latin American countries. U0. BBMODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMAused as okina in HawaiianU0. CARABIC COMMAused in all languages using Arabic Alphabetalso used in other languages, including Syriac and ThaanaU2. E3. 2TURNED COMMApalaeotype transliteration symbol indicates nasalizationU2. E3. 4RAISED COMMAU2. E4. 1REVERSED COMMAused in Sindhi, among othersU2. E4. 9DOUBLE STACKED COMMAused in the Eastern Orthodox liturgical book TypikonU3. IDEOGRAPHIC COMMAused in Chinese and Japanese writing systems see below. UFE1. PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL COMMAused in vertical writingUFE1. PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL IDEOGRAPHIC COMMAused in vertical writingUFE5. SMALL COMMAUFE5. SMALL IDEOGRAPHIC COMMAUFF0. CFULLWIDTH COMMAUFF6. Alphacam Cnc Programming. HALFWIDTH IDEOGRAPHIC COMMASome languages use a completely different sort of character for the purpose of the comma. There are also a number of comma like diacritics with COMMA in their Unicode names. These do not serve a punctuation function. A comma like low quotation mark is also available shown below raised single quotation marks are not shown. Character. Unicode point. Unicode name. NotesU0. BDMODIFIER LETTER REVERSED COMMAindicates weak aspiration  U0. COMBINING TURNED COMMA ABOVELatvian diacritic cedilla above  U0. COMBINING COMMA ABOVEGreek psili, smooth breathing mark  U0. COMBINING REVERSED COMMA ABOVEGreek dasia, rough breathing mark  U0. COMBINING COMMA ABOVE RIGHT  U0. COMBINING COMMA BELOWdiacritical mark in Romanian, Latvian, LivonianU2. ASINGLE LOW 9 QUOTATION MARKopening single quotation mark in some languages. Various other Unicode characters combine commas or comma like figures with other characters, and are not shown here. HistoryeditIn the 3rd century BC, Aristophanes of Byzantium invented a system of single dots distinctiones that separated verses colometry and indicated the amount of breath needed to complete each fragment of text when reading aloud. The different lengths were signified by a dot at the bottom, middle, or top of the line. For a short passage a komma, a media distinctio dot was placed mid level   . This is the origin of the concept of a comma, although the name came to be used for the mark itself instead of the clause it separated. The mark used today is descended from a diagonal slash, or virgula suspensiva   , used from the 1. The modern comma was first used by Aldus Manutius. Uses in EnglisheditIn general, the comma shows that the words immediately before the comma are less closely or exclusively linked grammatically to those immediately after the comma than they might be otherwise. The comma performs a number of functions in English writing. It is used in generally similar ways in other languages, particularly European ones, although the rules on comma usage and their rigidity vary from language to language. In listseditCommas are placed between items in lists, as in They own a cat, a dog, two rabbits, and seven mice. Some English style guides recommend that a comma be used before the final conjunction and, or, nor in a list of more than two elements. A comma used in such a position is variously called a serial comma, an Oxford comma, or a Harvard comma after the Oxford University Press and Harvard University Press, both prominent advocates of this style. Such use of a comma sometimes prevents ambiguity The sentence I spoke to the boys, Sam and Tom could mean either I spoke to the boys and Sam and Tom I spoke to more than three people or I spoke to the boys, who are Sam and Tom I spoke to two people I spoke to the boys, Sam, and Tom must be the boys and Sam and Tom I spoke to more than three people. The serial comma does not eliminate all confusion. Consider the following sentence I thank my mother, Anne Smith, and Thomas. This could mean either my mother and Anne Smith and Thomas three people or my mother, who is Anne Smith and Thomas two people. This sentence might be recast as my mother Anne Smith and Thomas for clarity. I thank my mother, Anne Smith and Thomas. Because the comma after mother is conventionally used to prepare the reader for an apposite phrase that is, a renaming of or further information about a noun this construction suggests that my mothers name is Anne Smith and Thomas. Compare I thank my friend, Smith and Wesson, in which the ambiguity is obvious. As a rule of thumb, The Guardian Style Guide6 suggests that straightforward lists he ate ham, eggs and chips do not need a comma before the final and, but sometimes it can help the reader he ate cereal, kippers, bacon, eggs, toast and marmalade, and tea. The Chicago Manual of Style, and other academic writing guides, require the serial comma all lists must have a comma before the and prefacing the last item in a series. If the individual items of a list are long, complex, affixed with description, or themselves contain commas, semicolons may be preferred as separators, and the list may be introduced with a colon. In news headlines, a comma might replace the word and, even if there are only two items, in order to save space, as in this headline from Reuters 7Trump, Macron engage in a little handshake diplomacy. Separation of clauseseditCommas are often used to separate clauses. In English, a comma is used to separate a dependent clause from the independent clause if the dependent clause comes first After I fed the cat, I brushed my clothes. Compare this with I brushed my clothes after I fed the cat. A relative clause takes commas if it is non restrictive, as in I cut down all the trees, which were over six feet tall. Without the comma, this would mean that only those trees over six feet tall were cut down. Some style guides prescribe that two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so must be separated by a comma placed before the conjunction. In the following sentences, where the second clause is independent because it can stand alone as a sentence, the comma is considered by those guides to be necessary Mary walked to the party, but she was unable to walk home. Designer clothes are silly, and I cant afford them anyway.