Mahatma Gandhi Wikipedia. MahtmMohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Native name Born. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi1. October 1. 86. 9Porbandar, Porbandar State, Kathiawar Agency, Bombay Presidency, British India1present day Gujarat, IndiaDied. January 1. 94. 81. New Delhi, Delhi, Dominion of India present day IndiaCause of death. Assassination. Resting place. Raj Ghat, Delhi, India. Nationality. Indian. Other names. Mahatma Gandhi, Bapu ji, Gandhi ji. Contemporary Political Ideologies Sargent Pdf To Word' title='Contemporary Political Ideologies Sargent Pdf To Word' />Alma mater. University College London2Inner Temple. Occupation. Lawyer. Politician. Activist. Writer. Known for. Indian Independence Movement,Peace movement. Political party. Indian National Congress. Movement. Indian independence movement. SpousesKasturba Gandhi m. Children. Parents. Signature. MahtmMohandas Karamchand Gandhi 3Hindustani mondas krmtnd andi  listen 2 October 1. January 1. 94. 8 was the leader of the Indian independence movement against British rule. Employing nonviolentcivil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific. Mahtm Sanskrit high souled, venerable4applied to him first in 1. South Africa5is now used worldwide. In India, he is also called Bapu ji Gujarati endearment for father,6papa67 and Gandhi ji. He is unofficially called the Father of the Nation. Born and raised in a Hindumerchant caste family in coastal Gujarat, western India, and trained in law at the Inner Temple, London, Gandhi first employed nonviolent civil disobedience as an expatriate lawyer in South Africa, in the resident Indian communitys struggle for civil rights. After his return to India in 1. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1. Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for various social causes and for achieving Swaraj or self rule. Academia. edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. Biography Early life and background. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869 to a Hindu Modh Baniya family in Porbandar also known as Sudamapuri, a. Negotiating Discourses of Shame, Secrecy, and Silence Migrant and Refugee Womens Experiences of Sexual Embodiment. We would like to show you a description here but the site wont allow us. Gandhi famously led Indians in challenging the British imposed salt tax with the 4. Dandi Salt March in 1. British to Quit India in 1. He was imprisoned for many years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. He lived modestly in a self sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn hand spun on a charkha. He ate simple vegetarian food, and also undertook long fasts as a means of both self purification and political protest. Gandhis vision of an independent India based on religious pluralism, however, was challenged in the early 1. Muslim nationalism which was demanding a separate Muslim homeland carved out of India. Eventually, in August 1. Britain granted independence, but the British Indian Empire1. Hindu majority India and Muslim majority Pakistan. As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in the Punjab and Bengal. Eschewing the official celebration of independence in Delhi, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to provide solace. In the months following, he undertook several fasts unto death to stop religious violence. The last of these, undertaken on 1. January 1. 94. 8 when he was 7. India to pay out some cash assets owed to Pakistan. The New Left was a broad political movement mainly in the 1960s and 1970s consisting of activists, educators, and others who campaigned for social change and for a. Un ebook scritto anche ebook o eBook, in italiano libro elettronico, un libro in formato digitale a cui si pu avere accesso mediante computer e dispositivi. Some Indians thought Gandhi was too accommodating. Among them was Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, who assassinated Gandhi on 3. January 1. 94. 8 by firing three bullets into his chest. Gandhis birthday, 2 October, is commemorated in India as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and worldwide as the International Day of Nonviolence. Biography. Early life and background. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi1. October 1. 86. 91 to a Hindu. Modh. Baniya family1. Porbandar also known as Sudamapuri, a coastal town on the Kathiawar Peninsula and then part of the small princely state of Porbandar in the Kathiawar Agency of the Indian Empire. His father, Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi 1. Porbandar state. 1. Although he only had an elementary education and had previously been a clerk in the state administration, Karamchand proved a capable chief minister. During his tenure, Karamchand married four times. His first two wives died young, after each had given birth to a daughter, and his third marriage was childless. In 1. 85. 7, Karamchand sought his third wifes permission to remarry that year, he married Putlibai 1. Junagadh,1. 8 and was from a Pranami. Vaishnava family. Karamchand and Putlibai had three children over the ensuing decade, a son, Laxmidas c. March 1. 91. 4, a daughter, Raliatbehn 1. Karsandas c. 1. 86. On 2 October 1. 86. Putlibai gave birth to her last child, Mohandas, in a dark, windowless ground floor room of the Gandhi family residence in Porbandar city. As a child, Gandhi was described by his sister Raliat as restless as mercury, either playing or roaming about. One of his favourite pastimes was twisting dogs ears. The Indian classics, especially the stories of Shravana and king Harishchandra, had a great impact on Gandhi in his childhood. In his autobiography, he admits that they left an indelible impression on his mind. He writes It haunted me and I must have acted Harishchandra to myself times without number. Gandhis early self identification with truth and love as supreme values is traceable to these epic characters. The familys religious background was eclectic. Idvd Themes. Gandhis father Karamchand was Hindu and his mother Putlibai was from a Pranami Vaishnava Hindu family. Gandhis father was of Modh Baniya caste in the varna of Vaishya. His mother came from the medieval Krishna bhakti based Pranami tradition, whose religious texts include the Bhagavad Gita, the Bhagavata Purana, and a collection of 1. Vedas, the Quran and the Bible. Gandhi was deeply influenced by his mother, an extremely pious lady who would not think of taking her meals without her daily prayers. To keep two or three consecutive fasts was nothing to her. In 1. 87. 4, Gandhis father Karamchand left Porbandar for the smaller state of Rajkot, where he became a counsellor to its ruler, the Thakur Sahib though Rajkot was a less prestigious state than Porbandar, the British regional political agency was located there, which gave the states diwan a measure of security. In 1. 87. 6, Karamchand became diwan of Rajkot and was succeeded as diwan of Porbandar by his brother Tulsidas. His family then rejoined him in Rajkot. Gandhi right with his eldest brother Laxmidas in 1. At age 9, Gandhi entered the local school in Rajkot, near his home. There he studied the rudiments of arithmetic, history, the Gujarati language and geography. At age 1. 1, he joined the High School in Rajkot. He was an average student, won some prizes, but was a shy and tongue tied student, with no interest in games his only companions were books and school lessons. While at high school, Gandhis elder brother introduced him to a Muslim friend named Sheikh Mehtab. Mehtab was older in age, taller and encouraged the strictly vegetarian boy to eat meat to gain height. He also took Mohandas to a brothel one day, though Mohandas was struck blind and dumb in this den of vice, rebuffed the prostitutes advances and was promptly sent out of the brothel. The experience caused Mohandas mental anguish, and he abandoned the company of Mehtab. In May 1. 88. 3, the 1. Mohandas was married to 1. Kasturbai Makhanji Kapadia her first name was usually shortened to Kasturba, and affectionately to Ba in an arranged marriage, according to the custom of the region at that time. In the process, he lost a year at school, but was later allowed to make up by accelerating his studies. His wedding was a joint event, where his brother and cousin were also married. Recalling the day of their marriage, he once said, As we didnt know much about marriage, for us it meant only wearing new clothes, eating sweets and playing with relatives. However, as was prevailing tradition, the adolescent bride was to spend much time at her parents house, and away from her husband. Negotiating Discourses of Shame, Secrecy, and Silence Migrant and Refugee Womens Experiences of Sexual Embodiment. Sexual embodiment refers to the experience of living in, perceiving, and experiencing the world from the location of our sexual bodies Tolman, Bowman, Fahs, 2. Womens experience of sexual embodiment is located in the historical and cultural context in which they live Jackson Scott, 2. This does not deny the material reality of the sexual bodybut conceptualizes embodiment in a social context, reflexively constructed and reconstructed through sexual and social interactions Jackson Scott, 2. Ussher, 1. 99. 7b. Discursive constructions of normal sexual experience and expression, mediated by factors such as race, social class, and cultural background, determine the sexual scripts which women are allowed to adopt, as well as the possibilities for resistance Tiefer, 2. Discursive constructions of sex and the meaning of the sexual body also have implications for sexual health and sexual subjectivitya womans experience of herself as a sexual being, her feeling of entitlement to sexual pleasure and sexual safety, her ability to make active sexual choices, and her identity as a sexual being Tolman, 2. Within this material discursive theoretical standpoint Ussher, 1. Foucault, 1. 97. 2, p. In the English speaking Western world, including North America, the UK, and Australasia, dominant discourses surrounding womens sexuality have traditionally been tied to white, middle and upper class norms which dictate that good women engage in self policing to contain and control their sexual desires Fine Mc. Clelland, 2. 00. 6 Jackson Lyons, 2. Tolman, 2. 00. 2. Acting as passive sexual gatekeepers within heterosexual relationships Gagnon, 1. Curtin, Ward, Merriwether, Caruthers, 2. However, social constructionist and feminist theorists have argued that women have the potential to rewrite or resist traditional constructions of sexuality through the mobilization of counter stories that position their sexuality in more agentic ways Day, Johnson, Milnes, Rickett, 2. Mc. Kenzie Mohr Lafrance, 2. This is evident in young womens adoption of raunch culture, discursive representations of a sexually liberated, savvy and active woman who is up for it in terms of sex Evans, Riley, Shankar, 2. It is also evident in the widespread acceptance of a human rights based sexual health discourse promoted by international governing bodies United Nations, 2. World Health Organization, 2. This rights based sexual health discourse serves to legitimate womens sexual agencytheir ability to make free choices about their sexual expression Corra, Petchesky, Parker, 2. However, processes of patriarchal and heterosexist cultural, religious and familial power serve to create limitations to ways in which women can construct themselves and their options for resistance Frosh, Phoenix, Pattman, 2. Women who embrace raunch culture and sexual agency may be vulnerable to social condemnation Bishop, 2. Bale, 2. 01. 1 Jackson Lyons, 2. Despite this, there is evidence that many Western women negotiate competing constructions of feminine sexuality in order to attain positive and agentic sexual subjectivity Bishop, 2. Gavey Mc. Phillips, 1. Bale, 2. 01. 1 Stewart, 1. This negotiation is analogous to what Mc. Kenzie Mohr and Lafrance 2. For women who migrate to the West from cultures where a discourse of womens sexual agency is less common Rogers Earnest, 2. United Nations, 2. In this vein, previous researchers have argued that there is a need for research on how culturally and linguistically diverse CALD1 migrant and refugee women negotiate diverse discourses and cultural constraints associated with sexual embodiment Rogers Earnest, 2. Sargent, 2. 00. 6, in order to understand their sexual subjectivity and facilitate their sexual health. This is the aim of the present study. Examining how migrant and refugee women negotiate discursive constructions of sexuality and sexual embodiment is important for a number of reasons. One of the outcomes of the adoption of a rights based sexual health discourse in the West has been the widespread availability of sexual and reproductive health services for women, and sexuality education for young people, with positive implications for quality of life, mental health, and sexual well being Aggleton Campbell, 2. Chen, Subramanian, Acevedo Garcia, Kawachi, 2. Stephenson et al., 2. However, in Australia and Canada, the sexual health needs of migrant and refugee women has been of increasing concern, because of their underutilization of sexual health services Botfield, Newman, Zwi, 2. Manderson Allotey, 2. Mc. Mullin, De Alba, Chvez, Hubbell, 2. Robinson et al., 2. This has a number of consequences. Young migrant and refugee women may be ill equipped to articulate their sexual rights Martinez Phillips, 2. Salad, Verdonk, de Boer, Abma, 2. Ngum Chi Watts, Liamputtong, Carolan, 2. Absence of education about sexually transmitted infections STIs and fertility control can lead to information being sought from unreliable sources, such as peer groups or the media Mc. Michael Gifford, 2. Rawson Liamputtong, 2. Rawson Liamputtong, 2. Delayed testing or screening may result in late diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer Manderson Allotey, 2. Mc. Mullin et al., 2. HIV, or STIs Fenton, 2. Inadequate contraception can lead to unplanned pregnancy, or family size that is not desired Rademakers, Mouthaan, Neef, 2. Bunevicius et al., 2. Tsui, Mc. Donald Mosley, Burke, 2. Specific cultural factors, combined with patriarchal family structures, may present barriers to accessing positive sexual embodiment and access to sexual health services following migration. Some cultural groups avoid all discussion of reproductive and sexual health, as it is viewed as too sensitive or disrespectful Beck, Majumdar, Estcourt, Petrak, 2. Rawson Liamputtong, 2. At the same time, sexual health services may be seen as culturally inappropriate Allotey, Manderson, Baho, Demian, 2. Guerin, Allotey, Elmi, Baho, 2. Richters Khoei, 2. Manderson Allotey, 2. Cultural constructions about the etiology of illness, or the impact of interventions, may also inhibit access to sexual health services Gagnon, Merry, Robinson, 2. Manderson Allotey, 2. For example, young migrant women have been reported to avoid emergency contraception because of the misperception that it is an abortifacient, which affects long term health and fertility Shoveller, Chabot, Soon, Levine, 2. Culturally prescribed gender roles combined with patriarchal values can also influence a womans ability to negotiate safer sex practices within relationships Gifford, Bakopanos, Dawson, Yesilyurt, 1. Ussher et al., 2. STIs and unplanned pregnancy Gifford et al., 1. A discourse of marital sexual duty can lead to women focusing on the sexual needs of their husband Khoei, Whelan, Cohen, 2. Boonzaier de La Rey, 2. Martin, Taft, Resick, 2. It has been reported that many women from immigrant and refugee communities think it is inappropriate and disrespectful to raise issues of sexual health within a relationship, and some married women feared their husbands would divorce them if they insisted on safer sex Gifford et al., 1. Go et al., 2. 00. Cultural shame and stigma can act as barriers to positive sexual embodiment and access to sexual health services de Anstiss Ziaian, 2. Mc. Michael Gifford, 2. Shoveller et al., 2. Anstiss Ziaian, 2. Manderson, Kelaher, Woelz Stirling, Kaplan, Greene, 2. Rawson Liamputtong, 2. Within cultures that emphasize the importance of virginity, sexual health services may be seen as inappropriate for young and unmarried women Beck et al., 2.