Spasticity is a common symptom seen as a consequence of an injury to the brain stroke, trauma, hypoxia, infection, cerebral palsy and post surgery, spinal cord. Respiratory failure can be difficult to predict. It can develop into a lifethreatening condition in just a few minutes, or it can build up more slowly. Thus. Down syndrome DS or DNS, also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is typically. Beijing Lys Chemicals Co, LTD. From Grams to Tons Fine chemical hightech company which contains RD, production, and sales. BEIJING LYS CHEMICALS CO, LTD. Respiratory Physiology Pdf The Essentials Company' title='Respiratory Physiology Pdf The Essentials Company' />BibMe Free Bibliography Citation Maker MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard. Respiratory Physiology Pdf The Essentials Company Uk' title='Respiratory Physiology Pdf The Essentials Company Uk' />Basal metabolic rate Wikipedia. Basal metabolic rate BMR is the minimal rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest. It is reported in energy units per unit time ranging from watt joulesecond to ml O2min or joule per hour per kg body mass Jhkg. Proper measurement requires a strict set of criteria be met. These criteria include being in a physically and psychologically undisturbed state, in a thermally neutral environment, while in the post absorptive state i. In bradymetabolic animals, such as fish and reptiles, the equivalent term standard metabolic rate SMR is used. It follows the same criteria as BMR, but requires the documentation of the temperature at which the metabolic rate was measured. This makes BMR a variant of standard metabolic rate measurement that excludes the temperature data, a practice that has led to problems in defining standard rates of metabolism for many mammals. Metabolism comprises the processes that the body needs to function. Basal metabolic rate is the amount of energy expressed in calories that a person needs to keep the body functioning at rest. Some of those processes are breathing, blood circulation, controlling body temperature, cell growth, brain and nerve function, and contraction of muscles. Basal metabolic rate BMR affects the rate that a person burns calories and ultimately whether that individual maintains, gains, or loses weight. The basal metabolic rate accounts for about 6. It is influenced by several factors. BMR typically declines by 12 per decade after age 2. DescriptioneditThe bodys generation of heat is known as thermogenesis and it can be measured to determine the amount of energy expended. BMR generally decreases with age and with the decrease in lean body mass as may happen with aging. Increasing muscle mass has the effect of increasing BMR. Aerobic resistance fitness level, a product of cardiovascular exercise, while previously thought to have effect on BMR, has been shown in the 1. BMR when adjusted for fat free body mass. But anaerobic exercise does increase resting energy consumption see aerobic vs. Rocket Diary Download Free. Illness, previously consumed food and beverages, environmental temperature, and stress levels can affect ones overall energy expenditure as well as ones BMR. Indirect calorimetry laboratory with canopy hood dilution techniqueBMR is measured under very restrictive circumstances when a person is awake. An accurate BMR measurement requires that the persons sympathetic nervous system not be stimulated, a condition which requires complete rest. A more common measurement, which uses less strict criteria, is resting metabolic rate RMR. BMR may be measured by gas analysis through either direct or indirect calorimetry, though a rough estimation can be acquired through an equation using age, sex, height, and weight. Studies of energy metabolism using both methods provide convincing evidence for the validity of the respiratory quotient R. Q., which measures the inherent composition and utilization of carbohydrates, fats and proteins as they are converted to energy substrate units that can be used by the body as energy. Nutrition and dietary considerationseditBasal metabolism is usually by far the largest component of total caloric expenditure. However, the HarrisBenedict equations are only approximate and variation in BMR reflecting varying body composition, in physical activity levels, and in energy expended in thermogenesis make it difficult to estimate the dietary consumption any particular individual needs in order to maintain body weight. PhysiologyeditThe early work of the scientists J. Arthur Harris and Francis G. Benedict showed that approximate values for BMR could be derived using body surface area computed from height and weight, age, and sex, along with the oxygen and carbon dioxide measures taken from calorimetry. Studies also showed that by eliminating the sex differences that occur with the accumulation of adipose tissue by expressing metabolic rate per unit of fat free or lean body mass, the values between sexes for basal metabolism are essentially the same. Exercise physiology textbooks have tables to show the conversion of height and body surface area as they relate to weight and basal metabolic values. The primary organ responsible for regulating metabolism is the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is located on the diencephalon and forms the floor and part of the lateral walls of the third ventricle of the cerebrum. The chief functions of the hypothalamus are control and integration of activities of the autonomic nervous system ANS. The ANS regulates contraction of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, along with secretions of many endocrine organs such as the thyroid gland associated with many metabolic disorders. Through the ANS, the hypothalamus is the main regulator of visceral activities, such as heart rate, movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract, and contraction of the urinary bladder. The feeding center or hunger center is responsible for the sensations that cause us to seek food. When sufficient food or substrates have been received and leptin is high, then the satiety center is stimulated and sends impulses that inhibit the feeding center. When insufficient food is present in the stomach and ghrelin levels are high, receptors in the hypothalamus initiate the sense of hunger. The thirst center operates similarly when certain cells in the hypothalamus are stimulated by the rising osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid. If thirst is satisfied, osmotic pressure decreases. All of these functions taken together form a survival mechanism that causes us to sustain the body processes that BMR measures. BMR estimation formulaseditSeveral prediction equations exist. Historically, the most notable one was the HarrisBenedict equation, which was created in 1. In each of the formulas P   is total heat production at complete rest,m   is mass kg,h   is height cm, anda   is age years,6The Original Harris Benedict Equation The difference in BMR for men and women is mainly due to differences in body weight. For example, a 5. BMR of 1. 27. 2 kcal per day. In 1. 98. 4, the original Harris Benedict equations were revised7 using new data. In comparisons with actual expenditure, the revised equations were found to be more accurate. The Revised Harris Benedict Equation It was the best prediction equation until 1. Mifflin et al. 9 introduced the equation The Mifflin St Jeor Equation According to this formula, the woman in the example above has a BMR of 1. During the last 1. Frankenfield et al. These formulas are based on body weight, which does not take into account the difference in metabolic activity between lean body mass and body fat. Other formulas exist which take into account lean body mass, two of which are the Katch Mc. Ardle formula, and Cunningham formula. The Katch Mc. Ardle formula is used to predict Resting Daily Energy Expenditure RDEE. The Cunningham formula is commonly attributed as being used to predict RMR instead of BMR, however the formulas provided by Katch Mc. Ardle and Cunningham are the same. The Katch Mc. Ardle Formula Resting Daily Energy Expenditure According to this formula, if the woman in the example has a body fat percentage of 3. RDEE the authors use the term of basal and resting metabolism interchangeably would be 1. Causes of individual differences in BMReditThe basal metabolic rate varies between individuals. One study of 1. 50 adults representative of the population in Scotland reported basal metabolic rates from as low as 1. Jday to as high as 2. Jday with a mean BMR of 1. Jday. Statistically, the researchers calculated that 6. Other factors explaining the variation included fat mass 6. The rest of the variation 2. This remaining difference was not explained by sex nor by differing tissue size of highly energetic organs such as the brain.